What are the challenges in attributing DDoS amplification attacks to specific attackers from an IXP's perspective?

Attribution is extremely difficult. Attackers often use compromised devices (botnets) spread across numerous locations, making it hard to trace the attack back to a single source. IP addresses can be spoofed, and traffic can be routed through multiple proxies. IXPs can identify the source networks involved, but pinpointing the ultimate attacker is often beyond their capabilities, requiring collaboration with law enforcement and security agencies.